@article{oai:repository.naro.go.jp:00001782,
 author = {藤田, 由美子 and FUJITA, Yumiko},
 journal = {近畿中国四国農業研究センター研究報告, BULLETIN of THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER for WESTERN REGION},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop in Japan. Traditionally, wheat had been used in noodles but when the Japanese diet diversified after World War II, wheat products such as bread, cake, and Chinese noodles became common foods. The original Japanese wheat cultivars were unsuitable for these nontraditional flour products, and now, nearly 90% of the wheat consumed in Japan is imported. To increase self-sufficiency in agricultural production, the Japanese Government promotes wheat cultivation. As wheat production increases, users demand domestic wheat with a grain quality similar to that of imported wheat. Wheat breeding in Japan has been devoted to developing cultivars with grain qualities suited to Japanese noodles, Chinese noodles, bread, and soy sause. As a result, a number of new cultivars have been released and have replaced the old cultivars. Plant breeder's rights are granted to the breeder of a new cultivar in Japan under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Law. Amendment of the law in 2005 has extended breeder's rights to include not only the propagation materials, such as seeds and seedlings, but also the harvested materials and products manufactured from the cultivar. Therefore, a reliable cultivar identification method must be developed for wheat grain and manufactured products to protect breeder's rights from unauthorized product use. An identification method is also required to ensure proper food labeling and thereby a fair trade in wheat products. All foods distributed in Japan must follow the Government Quality Labeling Standards. The system requires proper food labeling, which includes cultivar names if they appear on the product label. However, deceptive labeling of a product is often discovered and reported because a specific cultivar is popular in the marketplace. The labeling standard system has been revised to reinforce the penalties for violations of the labeling standards and to allow the system enforcement office to disclose the violators. In this study, we have developed some tools for identification of wheat cultivars. First, DNA was extracted from wheat food products and the condition was investigated to apply DNA markers. DNA can be extracted from wheat food products such as udon, bread and a cookie using a popular method. It was confirmed that DNA from flour was in a normal form, whereas DNA from baked food products was strongly degraded. To identify cultivars from popular wheat food products, it is necessary that the size of DNA markers in the product is less than 300 bp. Second, EST (Expressed sequence tag) -SSR (Simple sequence repeat) markers were developed for the identification of major wheat cultivars in the Japanese market. Ten SSR markers were developed from the wheat EST database. These markers cannot occur in other crops, and the product size ranged from 143 bp to 317 bp. The genotypes of 41 domestic and 17 imported cultivars were determined using the 10 EST-SSR markers. These markers can distinguish between domestic and imported cultivars, and can identify major domestic cultivars, e.g. 'Hokushin' and 'Norin 61'. EST-SSR markers can be used to identify cultivars from wheat food products such as noodles and bread. In addition, a polymorphism within cultivars was investigated using the 10 EST-SSR markers about 15 domestic wheat cultivars. It became clear that the polymorphism was rarely generated on these sites, and the markers have a high level of reliability as an identification tool. The genotype of the 10 EST-SSR sites was investigated for five imported wheat brands. Each brand was characterized by its genotype, and variations among import years were detected. The marker 'TaSE3' could be used to detect the unique genotypes of foreign cultivars from the major imported wheat brands, and then identify which domestic wheat products were adulterated with imported wheat. Third, SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified from wheat genes to identify a specific cultivar, and markers were developed. A total of 169 bp of SNPs were found in six genes among the eight wheat cultivars. The polymorphism information seems to be a useful identification tool for new cultivars in the future. SNP markers were developed for the identification of the domestic wheat cultivars 'Nishinokaori', 'Haruyokoi', and 'Haruyutaka'. These cultivars are suitable for bread and Chinese noodles, and are popular in the Japanese market. It is expected that these SNP markers will be a simple and rapid tool to protect the value of these cultivars. Fourth, an identification tool for the domestic wheat cultivar 'Sanukinoyume 2000' was developed based on SNP data. In addition, a quantitative method was constructed using a real-time PCR, and the level of reliability was estimated. 'Sanukinoyume 2000' is a popular cultivar in Kagawa Prefecture, and has been protected by the original certification system of the prefecture. The qualitative and quantitative methods are useful for verification of products made from the cultivar},
 pages = {41--80},
 title = {コムギ品種および加工食品におけるDNA品種識別技術の開発},
 volume = {11},
 year = {2012},
 yomi = {フジタ, ユミコ}
}