{"created":"2023-05-15T13:37:44.870505+00:00","id":1424,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"26d12d8a-a8ef-42ba-b015-054425262230"},"_deposit":{"created_by":12,"id":"1424","owners":[12],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"1424"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.naro.go.jp:00001424","sets":["87:608:609:125:149"]},"author_link":["1287"],"item_10002_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2013-10-31","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"69","bibliographicPageStart":"1","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"201","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"北海道農業研究センター研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Research BUlletin of the NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_10002_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Crop rotation is carried out for maintenance of soil fertility, and some of effects of crop rotation cannot substitute in the chemical fertilizer. It is thought that most of crop rotation effects are due to the reduction of injury by continuous cropping (ICC). This study was conducted to determine cause of ICC and the effects of ICC on a crop rotation system. The study was conducted in central Tokachi District of Hokkaido, and 1) the crop rotation system was estimated quantitatively from cropping surveys, 2) the characteristics and causes of ICC were investigated by a continuous cropping experiment of field crops conducted for 16 years, and 3) the effects of ICC on a crop rotation system were discussed. 1. Analysis of crop rotation systems in central Tokachi District For quantitative analysis of crop rotation systems, cropping surveys were conducted on light-colored Andosols (Shinsei), Andosols (Bisei) and brown lowland soil (Nishishikari) in Memuro Town of central Tokachi District. The each survey site was about 120 ha (4 divisions of 576×576m). Crops cultivated in the period from 1983 to 1990 were investigated. The survey maps for the 8-years period were compared, and they were divided into fragments that had a single cropping sequence. The area of each fragment was calculated, and these values were input into a database. The cultivated areas per farm were about 23, 29 and 15 ha for light-colored Andosols, Andosols and brown lowland soil, respectively. The cultivated area per farm was small for soil of high fertility. In each soil, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the main crops cultivated. Other crops included sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in light-colored Andosols, adzuki bean (Phaseolus angularis L.) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Andosols, and vegetables and adzuki bean in brown lowland soil. In this investigation, the number of cropping sequences (NCS) was calculated as, NCS = X^n, where X is the number of cultivated crops and n is the year period of cropping sequence. Since NCS decreases with a decrease in n, the cropping sequence for the 8-year period was divided into cropping sequence for the 3-year period (CS3). The shortest cropping sequence is a combination of 2 crops, and CS3 is composed by two combinations of 2 crops. For example, CS3 of 1) sugar beet - potato – wheat (S-P-W) is composed by the combination of sugar beet - potato (S-P) and potato - wheat (P-W). When CS3 of 2) potato - wheat - sugar beet (P-W-S) and 3) wheat - sugar beet - potato (W-S-P) exist, the combination of sugar beet - potato (S-P) exists in 1) and 3), the combination of potato - wheat (P-W) exists in 1) and 2), and the combination of wheat – sugar beet (W-S) exists in 2) and 3). Therefore, CS3 of 3) W-S-P and 1) S-P-W that have combination of S-P may be cropped continuously, and it is considered that a crop sequence of W-S-P-W exists. Similarly, it is considered that a crop sequence of S-P-W-S-P exist with CS3 of 1), 2) and 3). In this crop sequence, combination of S-P is located at beginning and end of it. Therefore, it is considered that this crop sequence is repeated, and it is probably crop rotation system. Based on above consideration, crop rotation systems were estimated from CS3. The area of each CS3 was totalized every year. From the cropping sequence for the 8-year period in this investigation, the area of CS3 was calculated as 6 replications. From data for the 6 replications, the mean and coefficient of variation were calculated. CS3 that had a low coefficient of variation was cropped in high frequency, and they occupied large area. CS3 that had a coefficient of variation less than 1.0 was assumed to be the major cropping sequence for 3 years (MCS3), and the major cropping sequences were used for estimation of crop rotation. Many kinds of CS3 (145 - 549 kinds) existed. However, there were only 12 kinds of MCS3 in light-colored Andosols, 10 kinds in Andosols, and 12 kinds in brown lowland soil. The area of MCS3 occupied approximately 53% of the light-colored Andosols, 38% of the Andosols, and 20% of the brown lowland soil. From MCS3 in light-colored Andosols, crop rotation systems were estimated as 1) sugar beet - potato – wheat (S-P-W), 2) sugar beet - potato - wheat – wheat (S-P-W-W) and 3) sugar beet - potato - sweet corn – wheat (S-P-C-W). 2) Sugar beet - potato - wheat - wheat (S-P-W-W) was estimated in Andosols. The crop rotation system could not be estimated in brown lowland soil. The total areas of MCS3 that composed these crop rotation systems were approximately 50% in light-colored Andosols and 32% in Andosols. As reported previously, 1) crop rotation systems were composed by crops that cultivated area was large, and 2) previous crops of winter wheat were a few, and crop rotation systems were limited. Since the cultivated area of sugar beet, potato and wheat was larger than that in past studies, crop rotation systems were simplified more. Because some crop rotation systems included continuous cropping of wheat, injury by continuous cropping (ICC) might occur. 2. Investigations of symptoms of ICC and methods for reducing ICC Sugar beet, potato, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), adzuki bean and wheat (spring wheat) were cultivated in Memuro Town from 1980 to 1995. Eleven plots were established for each crop. One plot was a crop rotation plot and the other 10 plots were continuous cropping plots. In the rotation plot and one continuous cropping plot (control plot), crops were cultivated with only chemical fertilizer. In the other continuous cropping plots, used as plots for application of organic matter, wheat culm manure or bark compost was applied at a rate of 1.5, 3 or 5 kg/m2. After successive applications of organic matter for more than 10 years, the concentrations of soil nutrient such as hot water-extractable nitrogen and phosphoric acid were increased. For 3 soil fumigation plots, soil was fumigated after 1990 and wheat straw manure was applied at a rate of 0,1.5 or 3kg/m2. For soybean and adzuki bean, D-D (1,3-dichloropropene) was applied from 1990 to 1995. For sugar beet, potato and wheat, chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) was applied from 1991 to 1993 and D-D was applied from 1994 to 1995. Yield, degree of infection by soil-borne diseases or nematodes, and soil available nutrients (hot water-extractable nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium) were measured for each crops. Hot water-extractable nitrogen is correlated with biomass nitrogen. ICC was thought to have occurred when yield decreased or when the crop was infected with soil-borne diseases or nematodes. The time course of yield decrease by continuous cropping (YDCC) was examined by a yield index (control plot / rotation plot ×100). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effects of continuous cropping, organic matter application and soil fumigation. In ANOVA, treatments were 11 plots and replications were years of same conditions, i.e., same cultivars, same rate of fertilizer application and etc. This replication is a temporal psuedoreplication. Therefore, the effects of experimental plots, not the effects of treatments, would be examined by the ANOVA. Severe ICC occurred in sugar beet. Sugar yield of the control plot decreased by about 50% in comparison with that of the rotation plot throughout the experimental period. In the 10 continuous cropping plots, root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2) occurred from 1985 to 1990. Sugar yield recovered with fumigation of chloropicrin application but was not influenced by D-D application. Sugar yield increased with organic matter application, and the effect became clearer with increase in the number of application years. It was thought that sugar yield was increased by accumulation of soil nutrients. In high yield plots (rotation plot and chloropicrin fumigation plots), the relationship between sugar yield and hot water-extractable nitrogen was significant. The relationship was also significant in low yield plots (control plot and organic matter application plots). However, the two regression lines were clearly different. When soil nutrients were at the same level, sugar yield was always low in the control plot and organic matter application plots. ICC was probably caused by inhibition of soil nutrient uptake by the crop, not by decline of soil nutrients. Since inhibition of soil nutrient uptake recovered with soil fumigation, it was thought that this phenomenon was caused by soil biologic properties. After continuous cropping for 12 years, sugar beet was not damaged by root rot. This phenomenon is called \"decline of soil-borne disease\". However, when root rot declined, sugar yield decreased in continuous cropping plots and it was recovered in soil fumigation plots by application of chloropicrin. Therefore, it was thought that ICC of sugar beet was influenced by soil biological properties except for root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2). From previous reports, it is thought that this cause of YDCC is Aphanomyces cochlioides. In continuous cropping of potato, starch yield decreased slightly, but common scab (Streptmyces spp.) occurred. Starch yield is the product of marketable potato weight and starch value. In continuous cropping plots, marketable potato weight decreased, but starch value increased. Marketable potato weight increased in organic matter application plots and soil fumigation plots, but starch value decreased in both of these treatment plots. Slight change of starch yield was probably caused by the compensatory relation of marketable potato weight and starch value. Starch yields increased with increase in soil nutrient. When soil nutrients were at the same level, starch yields of the rotation plot and chloropicrin fumigation plots were higher than those of the control plot and organic matter application plots. As in the case of sugar beet, YDCC was probably caused by soil biological properties. Common scab declined slightly in the last four years of the experimental period. With increase in the amount of bark compost application, scab became severe. This was probably caused by soil exchange acidity (y1), which correlated with aluminum ion concentration. Chloropicrin did not affect common scab. This result agrees with the results of a previous study showing that chloropicrin did not affect common scab when soil pH was more than 5. The yield of soybean markedly decreased from 1983 to 1985 and after 1989. From 1983 to 1984, the egg density of soybean cyst nematode (SCN : Heterodera glycines) was high in continuous cropping plots, and it was thought that YDCC was caused by SCN. However, after 1987, the egg density of SCN decreased(decline phenomenon), and soybean yield recovered in continuous cropping plots. Although egg density of SCN declined after 1987, soybean yield decreased again in the control plot after 1989. Soil was fumigated by D-D after 1990, and fumigation by D-D resulted in recovery of the yields of both the SCN-sensitive cultivar \"Kitamishiro\" and the SCN-resistant cultivar \"Toyomusume\". D-D is a nematocide, but D-D application probably resulted in recovery of soybean yield by other effects. The effect of D-D on yield might be based on its effect on soil nitrogen. D-D promotes mineralization of soil organic nitrogen and inhibits nitrification of ammonia nitrogen. Therefore, D-D causes accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in soil. It is thought that soybean yield was increased by these effects on soil nitrogen. Soybean yield was not correlated with hot water-extractable nitrogen but was significantly correlated with potassium. Except for bark compost (low potassium concentration) application plots, however, soybean yield was significantly correlated with hot water-extractable nitrogen. Therefore, soybean yield is probably influenced by soil biomass nitrogen. It is thought that soil biomass nitrogen was decreased by long-term continuous cropping of soybean. For adzuki bean, YDCC was remarkable as in the case of sugar beet. This yield decrease was probably caused by brown stem rot (Cephalosporium gregatum). For infection of brown stem rot, nematodes (Heterodera glycines or Pratylenchus penetrans) are necessary as well as Cepharosporium gregatum. Application of D-D resulted in recovery of the yield of adzuki bean, and it was thought that D-D suppressed infection by nematodes and brown stem rot and increased the yield. Since SCN had already declined at D-D application time, D-D probably suppressed to Pratylenchus penetrans. The yield of spring wheat decreased slightly in the control plot and was not affected by soil fumigation. In 1993, the yield increased with increase in soil nutrients, and the relationships between soil nutrients and yield were not different in continuous cropping plots and the rotation plot. Therefore, it was thought that spring wheat was not affected by soil biological properties. When spring wheat was cultivated continuously for more than ten years, infection by soil-borne diseases or nematodes did not occur. However, in the chloropicrin application plot in 1991, take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) occurred in the patch. Take-all of spring wheat declined with long-term continuous cropping. Since take-all occurred again with soil fumigation, it was thought that this decline was caused by biologic factors such as antagonist microorganisms. However, it is possible that snow mold decreases wheat yield by continuous cropping, because the northern part of Japan is an area with much snow. As described above, YDCC of sugar beet, potato and adzuki bean was probably caused by soil-borne diseases or nematodes. In continuous cropping of potato, yield decrease was slight, but common scab occurred. The yield of soybean was decreased by SCN in the early period of continuous cropping, and the decline in yield was probably caused by a decrease in soil nitrogen (biomass nitrogen) in continuous cropping for more than ten years. In continuous cropping of spring wheat, yield decrease was slight, and then take-all infection was decreased by soil biological factors. In all crops, infection by soil-borne diseases or nematodes occurred, but yield decrease was slight in some crops. In some crops, infection by soil borne-diseases or nematodes was decreased by long-term continuous cropping. The severity of ICC was probably influenced by the decline phenomenon of soil borne-diseases or nematodes. Crops release various compounds such as carbohydrates from their roots, and the region of soil influenced by these compounds is called the rhizosphere. The kinds of released compounds vary with crops. By continuous cropping of a specific crop, specific soil organisms may increase. ICC will occur when soil-borne diseases or nematodes are increased by continuous cropping. Soil-borne diseases or nematodes can survive by survival organs (eggs etc.), and they can be increased by cultivation of the same crop again. Therefore, one of the causes of ICC is soil-borne diseases or nematodes. However, soil-borne diseases or nematodes were suppressed by soil biological factor (decline phenomenon or suppressive soil) in some cases. In soybean continuous cropping for more than ten years, yield probably decreased due to a decrease in biomass nitrogen, i.e., unharmful microorganisms. As described above, ICC was thought to be caused by soil-borne diseases or nematodes and other biological factors. In continuous cropping of sugar beet, soybean and spring wheat, yield was increased by organic matter application. The effects of organic matter were clear with its successive application. Organic matter supplies not only nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium but also carbon, which is an energy source of soil microbes. Carbon supply by organic matter application is probably effective in maintaining biomass nitrogen. For sugar beet, soybean and adzuki bean, soil fumigation reduced ICC. However, organic matter application and soil fumigation need much labor and are costly, and these treatments for reduction of ICC would be difficult in large-scale farms in Tokachi District. At present, as a method to reduce ICC, it is probably realistic to adopt a crop rotation system in which many crops can be cultivated. 3. Improvement in crop rotation in Tokachi District The cropping interval of each crop in the estimated crop rotation in this study was sugar beet> potato> wheat. The cropping interval was long for sugar beet, in which ICC was remarkable, but wheat, in which there was only slight ICC, was cultivated continuously for 2 year. Therefore, it was thought that crop rotation was influenced by the degree of ICC of each crop. In the 1960's, cropping sequences that included continuous cropping of beans (soybean, adzuki bean and kidney bean) for 4-5 years were used in Tokachi District. SCN probably became a problem in these cropping sequences, but SCN might have been decreased by long-term continuous cropping of beans. Soybean, adzuki bean and kidney bean are infected by soil-borne disease, but those diseases don't infect other beans. In these cropping sequences, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was often cultivated after continuous cropping of beans. This green manure crop not only reduces the density of SCN but also supplies organic matter that has been decreased by beans. Therefore, it is thought that past cropping sequences were devised to reduce ICC. In the estimated crop rotation systems in this study, the rotation cycle was short (4 years), and it is possible that ICC occurs in these crop rotations. To improve crop rotations, it is necessary to increase the number of cultivated crops by introducing new crops. In Tokachi District, where farms are large, the crops to be introduced must be a crop for which mechanical cultivation is possible. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), which have soil fumigation-like effect (bio-fumigation), soybean, sweet corn and sunflower (Helianthus spp.) are thought to be suitable crops. Introduction of leguminous green manure is probably effective for maintaining soil fertility.\n","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_10002_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.24514/00001389","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_10002_publisher_8":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 北海道農業研究センター"}]},"item_10002_relation_14":{"attribute_name":"DOI","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_relation_type":"isIdenticalTo","subitem_relation_type_id":{"subitem_relation_type_id_text":"10.24514/00001389","subitem_relation_type_select":"DOI"}}]},"item_10002_source_id_9":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"1347-8117","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_10002_version_type_20":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"松﨑, 守夫"},{"creatorName":"マツザキ, モリオ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"},{"creatorName":"MATSUZAKI, Morio","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"1287","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"},{"nameIdentifier":"90355561","nameIdentifierScheme":"e-Rad","nameIdentifierURI":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/search/?qm=90355561"},{"nameIdentifier":"read0006078","nameIdentifierScheme":"researchmap","nameIdentifierURI":"http://researchmap.jp/read0006078"},{"nameIdentifier":"0000-0001-6341-1876","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifierURI":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6341-1876"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2019-03-12"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"harc_report_No201p1-69p.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"3.2 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"harc_report_No201p1-69p.pdf","url":"https://repository.naro.go.jp/record/1424/files/harc_report_No201p1-69p.pdf"},"version_id":"09758f84-b31d-496d-8f0e-aa23890d12a4"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"十勝地方中央部における畑作物の輪作体系と連作障害発生の解析","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"十勝地方中央部における畑作物の輪作体系と連作障害発生の解析"},{"subitem_title":"Studies on Crop Rotation Systems and Injury caused by Continuous Cropping of Field Crops in Central Tokachi District","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"10002","owner":"12","path":["149"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2019-03-22"},"publish_date":"2019-03-22","publish_status":"0","recid":"1424","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["十勝地方中央部における畑作物の輪作体系と連作障害発生の解析"],"weko_creator_id":"12","weko_shared_id":12},"updated":"2023-05-15T15:52:44.149792+00:00"}