Under the Joint Research Agreement, the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences [currently, integrated with the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)], Japan, and the National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) have collaborated since 2014 to survey plant genetic resources in Lao PDR. The main objective of this survey was to collect samples of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related crop species from the Bolikhamxay and Khammounane provinces of central Lao PDR. Between November 5 and 21, 2018, we collected 135 samples, including S. melongena (102) and other Solanum spp. (33). We found a wide diversity of eggplant landraces in central Lao PDR, with variation in fruit shape (flattened, globular, ovoid, pear shaped, ellipsoid, and cylindrical), size (19.2 to 417 mm long), and color (purple, green, and white); spineless landraces were also common. The collected seeds were deposited at NAFRI; a subset of the collection will be transferred to the Genetic Resources Center, NARO, Japan, as backup under the Standard Material Transfer Agreement of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Seeds from these genetic resources will be reproduced via self-pollination, and the NAFRI staff will evaluate the characteristics of the plant material in the next season. We plan to evaluate the accessions’ morphological characteristics and resistance to Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, powdery mildew, and nematodes in Japan.